Pigments Essay examples -- History, Prehistoric Painters

Pigments From prehistoric times, humans had discovered that pigments could be used to colour a come out of the closet and they have left their mark on their environment in the form of painted images 7. Prehistoric painters used the pigments available in the vicinity of their homes. These pigments were the so-called ball pigments, soot from burning animal fat and charcoal from the fire. The colours available were yellow ochre, red ochre, and black 7, but with time, more colours were being discovered. In general, pigments are coloured material which is insoluble in a medium where they are incorporated 8. Pigments will tend to absorb certain wavelength of light and radiate the others 9. Wavelength reflected will represent the colour of the pigment. Dyes are coloured material which will dissolve in the medium and lose their crystal or particulate organize during the process 9.Pigments can be classified into synthetic pigments and natural pigments 8. The examples of natural pigments f ounded in animals and vegetables are carotenoids, chlorophyll, melanins, flavins, quinones, and anthocyanins 5, 6, 10. In the industry, pigments are widely used as coloring material agents in dyeing of cottons, silks and wool sample 11.2.1.1Synthetic PigmentsThe first chemically synthesised pigments were made in Germany in 1704 by Diesbach who manufactured red lake pigments using caustic potash and alkali as substrate 7. Synthetic pigments can be divided into inorganic and organic pigments. Synthetic inorganic pigments usually composed by admixture oxide or compound which from by the host of metal oxides. Moreover, the inorganic pigments possess thermal and chemical stabilities at high temperature. Most of the inorganic pigments are derived from cyanogenic meta... ...-degradable. The increase of the packaging wastes caused serious global environmental problem 36. Therefore, the development of perishable packaging materials from renewable natural resources has received widespre ad government reinforcing stimulus in EU countries and many national or international organisations 35.The term biodegradable materials is used to describe those materials which can be degraded by the enzymatic action of living organisms, such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi and the ultimate end-products of the degradation process 37. Biodegradable packaging materials may be broadly classified into biodegradable polymers and biopolymers based on whether the dominating ingredient is synthetic oil-based polymer or a biologically derived polymer. Biopolymers are naturally occurring long-chain molecules such as cellulose, polysaccharides, proteins and DNA 35.